Not really. Although cataracts in dogs can be caused by insufficient nutrition, they are more often a sign of diabetes or simple aging. Diabetes in dogs is a result of the same thing it is in humans…genetics and obesity. As cat food is not optimized for dogs, it could cause ‘insufficient nutrition’ if fed to a dog as a sole diet.
However, feeding cat food, which tends to be richer and more concentrated, to a dog could cause obesity, thus diabetes, thus indirectly result in cataracts. Dogs should also not be fed cat food for several other reasons. The most obvious is that as it is richer, it can result in stomach upsets and diarrhea. The second is, as mentioned before, cat food is not designed to be eaten by dogs. The two species have different nutritional needs. For example, cats will generally refuse to eat vegetables, whilst dogs have been known to eat all kinds of vegetables and most will even eat grass. Your dog getting into your cat’s food occasionally, however, is not a health problem unless, of course, the cat catches him at it. However, the reverse is potentially true; a cat fed solely on dog food will be deficient in taurine, which dogs do not require, and taurine deficiency can, indeed, cause cataracts.